Makanan

Makanan boleh menjadi sumber keracunan jika penyediaannya, penyejukan, pembungkusan dan penyimpanan tidak dijaga.
 Makanan yang sudah dimasak pada suhu yang tinggi akan membunuh bakteria yang terdapat didalamnya.


Bahagian dalaman daging steak atau chop  tidak mengandungi bakteria yang merbahaya, jadi ianya selamat dimakan separa masak. Paling minimum suhu yang selamat untuk daging lembu dimasak separa masak adalah 145 degree(medium rare).Daging yang keras perlu dimasak pada suhu 160 darjah.
Suhu yang selamat untuk memasak  ayam adalah 180 darjah. 
 
TELUR  perlu dimasak secara menyeluruh. Jika kita membuat meringue atau resipi yang menggunakan telur mentah, belilah telur yang di pasteurize.
 
Menurut Profesor  yang menjalankan kajian di U niversiti Minnesota, sebab  cara daging ayam dimasak   tidak boleh di sama kan dengan cara memasak daging merah. Antara alasannya daging ayam perlu dimasak secara menyeluruh dan suhu didalam daging ayam itu mestilah  pada tahap minimum 170 darjah farenheit.
 Didalam ertikata keseluruhan ayam hingga ke tulang perlu dimasak dan isinya perlu bertukar menjadi putih bukan berwarna pink kemerahan merahan. Ini kerana daging ayam adalah kurang tebal dan padu(dense) dari daging merah(red meat such as beef ) dan disebabkan itu ianya memudahkan bakteria merebak masuk dalam daging.
 
 Umumnya pembersihan dan pemerosesan ayam dibuat luar dan dalam , maka bakteria senang merebak kebahagian dalam ayam. Maka ayam perlu dimasak pada suhu yang tinggi dan masak secara menyeluruh dan benar benar masak. 
 
Asingkan makanan yang mentah dan yang sudah dimasak, makanan untuk dimakan mentah dan makanan yang sudah dimasak sebelum makan. Kelalaian didalam menyimpan makanan boleh menyebabkan jangkitan bakteria yang selalu terjadi seperti bila daging yang mentah atau telur,  bersentuhan dengan yang akan dimakan secara mentah atau tidak perlu dimasak.. 
Ini adalah satu sumber penyebab keracunan makanan.
Daging yang mentah perlu dibungkus sepenuhnya jangan dibiarkan terdedah dan diletakkan di bahagian bawah petisejuk untuk mengelakkan darah menitik ke atas makanan lain didalam peti sejuk.
 
Gunakan daging yang disimpan didalam peti sejuk dalam 1-2 hari selepas dibeli. Janagn simpan daging, ikan, udang ayam dan lain lain sumber daging berprotin didalam peti sejuk melebihi dari tempoh 1-2 hari. Segerakan lah disimpan kedalam petisejuk beku.
 
Atau basuh dan bungkuskan ikut jumlah yang dikehendaki dan segeralah disimpan didalam peti sejuk beku.
Dengan cara ini daging ini akan dapat bertahan lebih lama kerana ianya dibekukan.
 
Bila membakar, menggril  atau memasak daging mentah atau ikan pastikan gunakan pinggan yang baru untuk meletak makanan yang sudah masak atau selesai di gril.  Jangan gunakan pinggan atau bekas  yang sama yang tidak bercuci dipakai semula atau bekas yang digunakan meletak makanan mentah seperti  ikan,daging mentah diletak sebelum memasak atau menggril tadi; dengan meletakkan semula makanan yang baru diangkat atau dimasak, dibakar  dan diletakkan didalam bekas yang sama.
Selain dari itu penggunaan sepit pemegang yang digunakan sewaktu membakar dan membalikkan makanan di basuh sebelum makanan diangkat dan diletakkan di pinggan. Bbegitu juga alatan yang digunakan semasa daging  atau makanan tersebut masih mentah hendaklah dibasuh sebelum alatan itu digunakan untuk menyentuh makanan yang sudah masak.
 

Basuh tangan apabila memegang telur mentah atau daging mentah.
Bayang kan tukang masak di TV tanpa membasuh tangan memegang telur ayam dan memecah telur  dan kemudian menggaulkan tepung dan dan menguli nya.., atau ada memegang daging  kemudian mengelap tangan dia tengan tuala apabila selesai..... yeeeurghhh. eer lupa nak basuh tangan..(bad tukang masak..shame on you and i won't buy what you endorse...)

Adalah penting membasuh tangan dengan sabun dan mengeringkan sebelum dan selepas menyentuh daging atau telur mentah untuk menghalang merebak bakteria diantara makanan.
Mmebersihkan tangan adalah isu terpenting didalam penyediaan makanan yang selamat. Kekerapan mencuci tangan dan tempat penyediaan adalah sangat penting.
Jika kita menggaru kepala, hembus hingus walaupun dengan tisu sekalipun, ke tandas, menyentuh anak, kucing, binatang peliharaan serta apa saja yang tidak berkaitan dengan penyediaan makanan hendaklah membasuh tangan dengan sabun dan dibilas sental denngan menyeluruh.
Jika anda membasuh tangan sambil menyanyi  secara tempo yang perlahan lagu selamat hari jadi sehingga tamat maka anda telah mencuci tangan dengan menyelurh untuk tempoh yang betul.
Jika anda memasak atau menyediakan masakan untuk ibu mengandung, orang tua, yang sakit kronik atau antibodi yang lemah, pastikan pastikan guna pencuci sabun tangan yang ada kualiti anti bakteria.


Cara yang selamat dipraktikkan adalah dengan segera membersihkan ruang dan tempat penyediaan makanan serta bekas yang digunakan meletakkan daging atau bahan mentah tadi segera direndam dan diletakkan didalam sinki supaya kita terpakai atau terlupa serta menggunakan tanpa memikirkan ianya belum dicuci. Cara ini dapat mengelakkan merebaknya bakteria yang ada pada daging dari menjangkiti makanan mentah yang lain.

Penyejukan dan pembekuan makanan adalah sangat penting.
Suhu ditahap antara 40darjah Farenheit dan 140 darjah farenheit menggalakkan pembiakan bakteria.
Petisejuk perlu berada ditahap 40 darjah fanrenheit  atau dibawah;petisejuk beku perlu berada dibawah 0 darjah farenheit atau dibawah tahap beku..

Peraturan yang perlu dingat:
hidang makanan yang perlu dimakan panas sewaktu masih panas. Makanan yang dimakan sejuk ditahap yang sejuk.

Jika menyediakan makanan untuk piknik pastikan makanan sudah dimasak disejukkan  sebelum diletakkan didalam beg atau bekas penyejuk yang berinsulate. Bekas ini tidak menyejukkan makanan seperti didalam petisejuk, tapi mengekalkan suhu makanan yang disejukkan tadi. Atau ais digunakan untuk menyejukkan dan mengekalkan tahap suhu didalam beg berinsulate tadi.

Makanan yang dimasak tadi hendaklah dibiarkan seketika dan diletakkan didalam bekas kontainer, pastikan suhu makan telah sejuk dan tidak berwap sebelum ditutup rapat supaya makanan tidak basi.
 



Jika bekalan elektrik terputus:
Ikutilah peraturan asas menyimpan makanan cara yang selamat. Makanan yang senang rosak perlu dibuang jika ianya disuhu bilik selepas 3jam bila suhu dibawah 80 darjah fahrenheit. Jika diatas tahap 80 darjah F anda ada sejam sebelum bakteria mula bercambah didalam makanan ang tidak disejukkan.

Makanan yang didalam petisejuk jika tidak dibuka sewaktu bekalan elektrik terputus, dapat mengekalkan suhu selama 24 jam.
 Pastikan pintu petisejuk dan petisejuk beku ditutp rapat. Buka pintu sekecil yang boleh. Pintu petisejuk yang tidak dibuka berulang kali dapat menyejukkan makanan sehingga 4 jam; tapi anda perlu memeriksa kembali kemudain sebelum menggunakan makanan itu.
Kapasiti freezer yang setengah penuh dapat  bertahan beku selama 24jam. jika freezer yang penuh dapat mengekalkan tahap beku selama 48 jam.
Untuk mengekalkan tahap suhu tutuplah dengan selimut yang tebal untuk menebatkan haba atau mengekalkan suhu dari meningkat panas.
Jika bekalan elektrik terganggu  lebih lama, beli ais kering dan letakkan didalam petisejuk atau freezer.



Jika  bekalan elektrik terputus,cara untuk menyejukkan suhu didalam rumah adlah dengan memasak diluar salah satunya membuat bbq atau menggril diluar rumah.
 
Cairkan atau nyahbekukan/defrost  makanan didalam petisejuk. Keluarkan makanan  apasaja termasuk ikan dan seafood dari freezer dan letak didalam bekas dan simpan didalam petisejuk, biarkan semalaman.
Pastikan makanan didalam tin didihkan pada tahap didh sebelum digunakan.

 Makanan didalam freezer jika masih berais kristal dan didalam petisejuk dibawah 40darjah farenheit, maka makanan bolehlah dibekukan semula.


Jika anda mempraktikkan langkah langkah menjaga keelamatan, dan menjadikan sebahagian dari sifat anda, memasak dan menerima  kunjungan tetamu menjadi esuatu yang menyeronokkan kerana kita tahu  kita telah mengambil langkah yang selamat didalam penyediaan dan hidangan makanan untuk keluarga dan rakan.


Langkah langkah diatas adalah untuk mengelakkan Salmonella dan e-coli  bakteria dari membuat anda dari mendapat keracunan makanan.

Artikel dibawah Ditulis Oleh  Kristina Duda, R.N

What Is Salmonella?




Salmonella is a type of bacteria. There are many types of salmonella bacteria, but the type that commonly causes food poisoning is known medically as non-typhoidial salmonallae, which lives in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. It typically causes illnesses in humans when it is transmitted through foods contaminated with animal or human feces.



How Do You Get Salmonella?



Most people associate salmonella infection (salmonellosis) with raw or undercooked poultry or meat, but it can be found on fruits and vegetables that are not cooked or washed properly as well. A food handler may also spread salmonella to foods if they do not properly wash their hands after using the bathroom.



Salmonella may be found in the feces of some pets, especially those with diarrhea. Reptiles such as turtles, lizards and snakes are the most likely pets to be carrying salmonella.



Symptoms of Salmonella



The symptoms of salmonellosis are similar to those of a stomach virus. They include:



Diarrhea

Fever

Stomach cramps

Vomiting (occasionally)

If you become infected with salmonella, these symptoms typically appear between 12 and 72 hours after exposure to the bacteria. They usually last between 4 and 7 days and resolve on their own without treatment.



Occasionally -- especially in infants, the elderly or those with compromised immune systems -- a more serious illness may result from salmonella infection. Diarrhea may become so severe that the person needs to be hospitalized. The bacteria can also get into the bloodstream and cause death unless the person is treated quickly with antibiotics.



How is Salmonella Treated?



Usually, no treatment is necessary for salmonella other than staying hydrated. Drinking plenty of water or an electrolyte solution (such as Pedialyte for children and infants or Gatorade for adults) is important when you have diarrhea to be sure you do not become dehydrated. Fruit juices and sodas should be avoided because they can possibly make the diarrhea worse. Some people may need antibiotic treatment.



If you suspect that you have a salmonella infection after eating food that may have been contaminated, it is important to see your healthcare provider. They can do tests to determine if salmonella is the cause of your symptoms and can report the infection to your local health department or the CDC if necessary.

Artikel dibawah adalah mengenai bakteria Salmonella  dan kesannya. Ditulis oleh By Kristina Duda, R.N
hat Is Salmonella?




Salmonella is a type of bacteria. There are many types of salmonella bacteria, but the type that commonly causes food poisoning is known medically as non-typhoidial salmonallae, which lives in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. It typically causes illnesses in humans when it is transmitted through foods contaminated with animal or human feces.



How Do You Get Salmonella?



Most people associate salmonella infection (salmonellosis) with raw or undercooked poultry or meat, but it can be found on fruits and vegetables that are not cooked or washed properly as well. A food handler may also spread salmonella to foods if they do not properly wash their hands after using the bathroom.



Salmonella may be found in the feces of some pets, especially those with diarrhea. Reptiles such as turtles, lizards and snakes are the most likely pets to be carrying salmonella.



Symptoms of Salmonella



The symptoms of salmonellosis are similar to those of a stomach virus. They include:



Diarrhea

Fever

Stomach cramps

Vomiting (occasionally)

If you become infected with salmonella, these symptoms typically appear between 12 and 72 hours after exposure to the bacteria. They usually last between 4 and 7 days and resolve on their own without treatment.



Occasionally -- especially in infants, the elderly or those with compromised immune systems -- a more serious illness may result from salmonella infection. Diarrhea may become so severe that the person needs to be hospitalized. The bacteria can also get into the bloodstream and cause death unless the person is treated quickly with antibiotics.



How is Salmonella Treated?



Usually, no treatment is necessary for salmonella other than staying hydrated. Drinking plenty of water or an electrolyte solution (such as Pedialyte for children and infants or Gatorade for adults) is important when you have diarrhea to be sure you do not become dehydrated. Fruit juices and sodas should be avoided because they can possibly make the diarrhea worse. Some people may need antibiotic treatment.



If you suspect that you have a salmonella infection after eating food that may have been contaminated, it is important to see your healthcare provider. They can do tests to determine if salmonella is the cause of your symptoms and can report the infection to your local health department or the CDC if necessary.



Occasionally, diarrhea may become so severe that it causes dehydration and IV fluids may be necessary. Antibiotics are typically not necessary unless the bacteria enter the bloodstream.



Are There Any Complications?



Normally, there are no serious complications from a salmonella infection. Rarely, people who have had salmonellosis can develop Reiter’s syndrome which may also turn into chronic arthritis. Symptoms of Reiter’s syndrome include pain in the joints, painful urination and irritation of the eyes. Treatment with antibiotics does not appear to affect whether or not a person develops these complications. Approximately 400 people in the U.S. die each year from salmonella infections.



How Can Salmonella Infection Be Prevented?



Because salmonella is in the environment and even in our own bodies, it is important to follow some basic steps to prevent infection with the bacteria. Some things you can do include:



Do not eat raw or undercooked eggs, meat or poultry. Egg yolks should be cooked until firm and meat (especially ground meats) and poultry should not be pink in the middle.

Do not consume raw or unpasteurized milk or dairy products.

Thoroughly wash all produce.

Keep uncooked meats separated from produce and other foods so cross contamination does not occur.

Thoroughly wash all cutting boards and food preparation materials after preparing uncooked foods.

Wash your hands before you handle food and between handling different food items.

Always wash your hands after using the bathroom and touching pets, especially reptiles.

Never keep reptiles (including turtles) as pets in the same house with infants and young children. Read more about pet turtles and salmonella.

Wash your hands immediately after touching or holding chicks, ducklings or other birds and do not let children handle them at all.
 
 
What Is E. Coli?




Escherichia coli (E. coli) are a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of illnesses in humans, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, respiratory illnesses pneumonia and other problems. There are also many types of E. coli bacteria that are harmless.



One type of E. coli that often causes illness and outbreaks in humans is known as E. Coli O157. There are other strains of E. coli that cause illness as well, but O157 is the most notorious, so we will focus on that strain in this article.



How Do You Get E. Coli O157?



E. coli lives in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, such as cattle, goats, elk, sheep and deer. Other animals, including pigs and birds, can pick up E. coli from the environment and spread it. The most common cause of E. coli infection in humans is cattle.



E. coli is spread through contaminated fecal matter from animals that are carrying the disease (these animals are typically not sick themselves) or from people who have an infection but do not wash their hands properly after using the bathroom. These microscopic amounts of fecal matter end up on food that we eat and then cause infections.



Other sources of E. coli include raw (unpasteurized) milk, water that has not been disinfected, unpasteurized apple cider, soft cheese made from unpasteurized milk, swallowing lake water while swimming and touching animals in petting zoos or animal exhibits.



Symptoms of E. Coli



Symptoms of an intestinal E. coli infection vary by person but can include:



Stomach cramps

Diarrhea (usually bloody)

Vomiting

Low-grade fever (typically not over 101)

These symptoms usually resolve on their own within 5 to 7 days. E. coli infections are mild in most people, but they can be serious or even life threatening in others.



Symptoms of an E. coli infection typically start 3 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria, but they can occur as early as one day or as late as 10 days after exposure.



Are There Any Complications?



The most serious complication of E. coli is called "hemolytic uremic syndrome" (HUS). Between 5 to 10% of people with E. coli infections suffer from this complication that can result in kidney failure or even death. Symptoms of HUS include:



Decreased frequency of urination

Fatigue

Losing color in cheeks and inside lower eyelids

How Is E. Coli Treated?



For a typical E. coli infection, treatment mostly consists of staying hydrated. Drinking water or electrolyte drinks, such as Gatorade or Pedialyte (for children), will help to prevent dehydration. Eating when you have a stomach bug is not that important as long as you are staying hydrated. For those people who are unable to keep any liquids down, IV fluids may be needed.



Antibiotics are not effective against E. coli and should not be used, because they may increase the risk of complications, such as HUS. Antidiarrheal medications, such as Immodium, should be avoided, because they can also increase this risk.



People who develop HUS should be hospitalized to manage the illness. Various treatments may be needed depending on the symptoms.



How Can E. Coli Infections be Prevented?



Nearly everyone is at risk for getting an E. Coli infection. Although infants, young children, older adults and people with compromised immune systems are at the highest risk for serious illness, even healthy adults can have complications. Some things you can do to minimize your risk of infection include:



Good hand washing. Especially after using the restroom, changing diapers and before preparing or eating food. Also wash your hands thoroughly after touching any animals or their environments, even your own pets.

Cook meats thoroughly. Ground beef and meat that has been needle tenderized should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 160.

Avoid raw or unpasteurized milk, cheeses or other dairy products and unpasteurized fruit juices or ciders.

Avoid swallowing water when swimming anywhere.

Be sure to wash cooking surfaces, such as cutting boards, and utensils thoroughly with hot water and soap after cutting or preparing raw meat.
 
Yang paling penting: cuci tangan, cuci buah buah, sayur sayuran yang hendak dimakan mentah dan ikuti aturan menjaga penyediaan makanan yang baik dan teratur..